Introduction
Tanzania, located in East Africa, is home to vibrant cities that serve as economic, cultural, and political hubs. From the bustling port city of Dar es Salaam to the historic streets of Zanzibar City, each urban center plays a crucial role in the country’s development.
One unique aspect of Tanzania is Zanzibar, an autonomous region that is part of the United Republic of Tanzania. Zanzibar consists of two main islands, Unguja and Pemba, along with several smaller islands. It is located 40 km off the mainland coast, separated by the deep Pemba Channel. Zanzibar covers an area of 2,654 sq.km, while the entire country spans 945,087 sq.km, making it one of the largest nations in East Africa.
How Many Cities Does Tanzania Have?
Tanzania has several officially recognized cities, including Dar es Salaam, Dodoma, Mwanza, Arusha, Mbeya, Morogoro, and Zanzibar City. Other major urban centers such as Tanga, Tabora, Kigoma, Kahama, and Songea are also growing rapidly, playing key roles in trade, industry, and regional governance.
Urbanization in Tanzania is expanding at a fast rate, with the urban population rising from 29.6% in 2012 to 35% in 2022. The country’s annual urban growth rate has also increased, making it one of the fastest urbanizing nations in East Africa. While Dar es Salaam remains the dominant commercial hub, cities like Dodoma, Mwanza, and Arusha are becoming increasingly important for politics, industry, and tourism. As economic and infrastructure development continues, more towns are expected to gain city status in the coming years, further shaping Tanzania’s urban landscape
What is Tanzania’s Biggest City?
The biggest city in Tanzania is Dar es Salaam, with a population of around 5,383,728, according to the 2022 census. It is the country’s financial and business capital, handling 90% of Tanzania’s total cargo through its major port. Founded in 1862 by the Sultan of Zanzibar, it later became the capital of German East Africa, playing a crucial role in colonial trade and administration.
For many Tanzanians, Dar es Salaam is more than just a city—it is a place of opportunity. It is where people from all over the country migrate to fulfill their dreams, earning them the title “Hustlers of Dar es Salaam.” Farmers from rural areas bring their crops to sell in the city’s markets, traders establish businesses, and professionals seek better jobs. It is a melting pot where Tanzanians from different tribes and backgrounds unite under one common language, Swahili.The language of unity. Being in Dar es Salaam is often seen as a symbol of exposure and modern life. In many rural areas, those who have never visited Dar are sometimes considered less experienced or uncivilized because the city represents education, business, and a fast-paced way of life. Despite Dodoma being the official capital, Dar es Salaam remains the largest and most influential city in Tanzania, shaping the country’s economy, culture, and national identity.What is Tanzania’s Biggest City?
The biggest city in Tanzania is Dar es Salaam, with a population of 5,383,728 (2022 census). It is the country’s economic powerhouse, handling over 90% of its total cargo, making it a vital trade and transport hub. Despite Dodoma being the official capital, Dar es Salaam remains the most influential city in Tanzania.
Does Tanzania Have Two Capitals?
Many people believe that Tanzania has two capitals, but this is not technically correct. Tanzania has only one official capital—Dodoma.
In 1974, after a nationwide party referendum, the Tanzanian government announced the decision to move the capital from Dar es Salaam to Dodoma. The goal was to promote centralization and economic development in the country’s interior. This vision was originally proposed by Julius Nyerere, Tanzania’s founding president, but it took decades to be fully realized.
It was under President John Magufuli that significant efforts were made to complete the transition of government offices to Dodoma, reinforcing its status as Tanzania’s official capital. Dar es Salaam, however, remains the largest city and economic hub, which is why some still mistakenly view it as a capital.
The Top Largest Cities in Tanzania by Population (2022 Census)
Tanzania, located in East Africa, is home to several bustling urban centers, each with unique cultural, economic, and geographical significance. These cities are large not just in population but also in area, infrastructure, and influence. Based on the 2022 census, here are the 10 largest cities in Tanzania by population.
1. Dar es Salaam
Population: 5,383,728 (2022 Census) Dar es Salaam is Tanzania’s largest city, main economic hub, and busiest port. Located along the Indian Ocean, it has a sprawling metropolitan area with extensive road networks, skyscrapers, and a booming trade industry. The city is home to major industries, including manufacturing, banking, and telecommunications. It also boasts key attractions such as the National Museum, Coco Beach, and the bustling Kariakoo Market. The port of Dar es Salaam is one of the largest in East Africa, serving as a gateway for international trade.
2. Mwanza
Population: 3,699,872 (2022 Census) Located on the shores of Lake Victoria, Mwanza is Tanzania’s second-largest city and a major economic hub in the Lake Zone. Often called “Rock City” due to its unique rocky landscape, Mwanza has a significant fishing industry, providing much of the country’s fish exports. The city has a growing transport network, with ferry services connecting it to Uganda and Kenya. Mwanza also serves as a gateway to the Serengeti National Park and is home to the Bujora Cultural Center, which celebrates the Sukuma heritage.
3. Tabora
Estimated Population: 3,391,679 (2022 Census) Tabora, located in central Tanzania, is one of the country’s largest inland cities. Historically, it was an important stop along the caravan trade routes due to its central location. Today, it remains a vital railway and road transport hub, linking different parts of the country. The city is a key center for tobacco farming and agriculture, with a growing population supported by trade and education.
4. Morogoro
Population: 3,197,104 (2022 Census) Morogoro is located at the base of the Uluguru Mountains, giving it a lush and green environment. The city is a significant agricultural and educational center in Tanzania, known for its large-scale farming operations. Sokoine University of Agriculture, one of the country’s leading research institutions, is located here. Morogoro’s natural beauty and hiking trails make it a growing tourism destination. It also has well-connected roads that link it to Dar es Salaam and Dodoma, enhancing its role in trade and transportation.
5. Dodoma
Population: 3,085,625 (2022 Census) Dodoma is the official capital of Tanzania and the country’s political center. Unlike coastal cities, Dodoma is located in central Tanzania, providing room for planned expansion and development. It houses Parliament and key government offices. The city is undergoing rapid urbanization, with improved infrastructure, including road networks, an international airport, and public institutions. The surrounding region is known for wine production and agriculture, making Dodoma a growing commercial hub.
6. Kagera
Population: 2,989,299 (2022 Census) Kagera, located in northwestern Tanzania, is a strategic region bordering Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, and Lake Victoria. Its capital, Bukoba, serves as a major trade hub, connecting Tanzania with neighboring countries. The region is known for coffee production, banana farming, and fishing, making it an important agricultural center. Kagera also has historical significance as the homeland of the Haya people, one of Africa’s early iron-working civilizations. With its lush landscapes, Lake Victoria coastline, and cross-border trade opportunities, Kagera remains a key economic and cultural region in Tanzania.
7. Geita
Population: 2,977,608 (2022 Census) Geita, located in northwestern Tanzania, is best known for its gold mining industry, making it one of the country’s key economic regions. The regional capital, Geita Town, serves as a commercial hub, supporting trade and investment in mining and agriculture. The Geita Gold Mine, one of Africa’s largest gold producers, drives the region’s economy and attracts workers from across Tanzania. In addition to mining, Geita is also known for fishing on Lake Victoria and crop farming, including maize and cotton. With ongoing infrastructure development and growing investment, Geita continues to be a vital contributor to Tanzania’s economy.
8. Tanga
Estimated Population: 2,615,597 (2022 Census) Tanga is a major port city on the Indian Ocean with a rich history and strategic importance for trade. It is one of Tanzania’s oldest cities, featuring colonial architecture and a deep-rooted Swahili culture. Tanga plays a key role in sisal production, which was historically one of Tanzania’s biggest exports. The city’s seaport continues to support trade, while nearby attractions like Amboni Caves and Saadani National Park contribute to tourism growth.
9. Kigoma
Population: 2,470,967 (2022 Census) Kigoma, located in western Tanzania, is one of the country’s most important regions due to its strategic location on Lake Tanganyika and its role as a major trade and transport hub. Although not among the most populated regions, Kigoma stands out because of its vast land area, economic activities, and cross-border trade with Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Zambia. The regional capital, Kigoma Town, serves as a key port for cargo and passenger transport. The region is also known for its fishing industry, palm oil production, and coffee farming. Additionally, Gombe Stream and Mahale Mountains National Parks make Kigoma a globally recognized destination for chimpanzee tourism and conservation research.
10. Mara
Population: 2,372,015 (2022 Census) Mara, located in northern Tanzania, is a significant region known for its rich culture, agriculture, and wildlife tourism. The regional capital, Musoma, sits on the eastern shores of Lake Victoria, making it an important fishing and trade hub. Mara is best known for being home to part of the Serengeti National Park, where the Great Migration—one of the world’s most spectacular wildlife events—takes place. The region’s economy is driven by livestock keeping, crop farming (mainly maize, millet, and cassava), and cross-border trade with Kenya. With its cultural diversity, growing infrastructure, and thriving tourism industry, Mara remains one of Tanzania’s most economically and ecologically significant regions.
11. Arusha
Population: 2,356,255 (2022 Census) Arusha, located in northern Tanzania, is known as the safari capital of the country. Its strategic location between Mount Meru and Mount Kilimanjaro makes it a prime tourism hub. The city serves as a gateway to Serengeti National Park, Ngorongoro Crater, and Tarangire National Park. It is also a diplomatic center, hosting the East African Community headquarters and several international organizations. The economy is driven by tourism, coffee production, and conference hosting.
12. Mbeya
Population: 2,343,754 (2022 Census) Mbeya, a major city in southwestern Tanzania, sits within a mountainous region, making it a scenic urban center. It is a crucial trade hub between Tanzania, Zambia, and Malawi. The city is known for its fertile soil, making it a leading producer of tea, coffee, and maize. The presence of Mbeya University of Science and Technology has contributed to its growing academic and research industries. It also boasts stunning landscapes, including the Mbeya Highlands and Kitulo National Park.
Historic Cities of Tanzania: Their Legacy and Tourism Appeal
Tanzania, located in East Africa, is renowned for its diverse cultural heritage and historical sites. Tanzania cities serve as vibrant centers of history, trade, and tourism, offering unique experiences for visitors. From ancient trade hubs to modern economic centers, each city boasts breathtaking landscapes, rich heritage, and cultural significance. Below is an exploration of the most historically significant and tourist-friendly cities in Tanzania.
1. Stone Town (Zanzibar City)
Stone Town, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is the historical heart of Zanzibar City. With its labyrinthine streets, carved wooden doors, and ancient buildings, the city reflects a blend of African, Arab, Indian, and European influences. Notable landmarks such as the House of Wonders, Old Fort, and former Slave Market Museum tell the story of Zanzibar’s past as a major trade and cultural hub. Furthermore, Stone Town’s lively markets, spice tours, and pristine beaches make it a top destination for both history enthusiasts and beach lovers.
2. Kilwa Kisiwani
Kilwa Kisiwani stands as one of Tanzania’s most historically significant sites. Once a powerful trading city between the 11th and 16th centuries, Kilwa played a crucial role in the vast Indian Ocean trade network, linking Africa with the Middle East and Asia. The ruins of Kilwa Kisiwani, another UNESCO World Heritage Site, include the Great Mosque, the Husuni Kubwa palace, and other remnants of this once-thriving Swahili city-state. Today, visitors can explore these ruins while enjoying stunning coastal scenery.
3. Bagamoyo
As the former capital of German East Africa, Bagamoyo has a rich history intertwined with the 19th-century slave and ivory trade. The town was a major departure point for inland caravans. Today, its historical sites, including the Old Fort, Caravan Serai, and Kaole Ruins, provide insight into Swahili and Islamic influences. Additionally, Bagamoyo’s vibrant art scene and cultural festivals continue to attract tourists. The renowned Bagamoyo College of Arts enhances the city’s reputation as a center for music and dance.
4. Dar es Salaam
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania’s largest city and former capital, is the country’s economic hub and one of the busiest ports in East Africa. Founded in the 19th century by Sultan Majid of Zanzibar, the city later became an administrative and trade center under German and British rule. Today, Dar es Salaam blends modernity with history, featuring colonial-era architecture, the National Museum, and the Askari Monument. Moreover, visitors can experience the lively Kariakoo Market, relax on Coco Beach, or take a short boat ride to Bongoyo Island.
5. Arusha
Arusha serves as a major diplomatic and tourism hub in northern Tanzania. It is widely recognized as the gateway to some of Africa’s most renowned safari destinations, including Serengeti National Park, Ngorongoro Crater, and Lake Manyara. The city’s historical significance extends to its role as a meeting point for diverse cultures and as the headquarters of the East African Community. Additionally, visitors can explore the Arusha Declaration Museum to learn about Tanzania’s political history or browse the Maasai Market for traditional crafts.
6. Kigoma
Located on the eastern shores of Lake Tanganyika, Kigoma is a key transport hub and fishing center. Historically, it played a significant role in the colonial era as a strategic point for German railway expansion. Today, the city remains an essential trade port for neighboring countries such as Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Tourists flock to Kigoma for its stunning lake views, traditional dhow boats, and opportunities for cultural interactions. Additionally, Gombe Stream National Park, famous for Jane Goodall’s groundbreaking chimpanzee research, is a major attraction nearby.
7. Tabora
Tabora, situated in central Tanzania, was historically a thriving stop along the caravan trade routes. Arab traders and European colonists alike left their mark on the city, evident in sites like the Livingstone Museum and the historic Itetemia Ruins. Furthermore, Tabora is renowned for its tobacco farming and deep-rooted Nyamwezi cultural heritage. Its strategic location played a key role in railway expansion during colonial times, cementing its importance as a transport hub.
8. Songea
Songea, the capital of the Ruvuma region, holds historical importance as a key site in the Maji Maji Rebellion against German colonial rule. The Songea Memorial Site commemorates this struggle. Moreover, the city is a cultural center for the Ngoni people, known for their traditional dances and artifacts. Nature lovers can also explore the nearby Matogoro Highlands for scenic landscapes.
9. Iringa
Iringa is historically linked to the Hehe resistance against German colonial rule, led by Chief Mkwawa. Visitors can explore the Mkwawa Memorial Museum to learn more about this resistance. The town’s surroundings offer breathtaking landscapes, including Ruaha National Park, one of Tanzania’s largest wildlife reserves. In addition, the Isimila Stone Age Site provides a glimpse into prehistoric human settlements. Iringa is also recognized for its high-quality agricultural produce, particularly tea and maize.
10. Tanga
Tanga, one of Tanzania’s oldest cities, has a rich history shaped by trade and colonial rule. It was an administrative center under German East Africa and played a key role in the World War I East African Campaign. Today, visitors can admire its well-preserved colonial architecture, explore the mysterious Amboni Caves, or venture into the lush Usambara Mountains. Furthermore, the nearby coastal town of Pangani boasts unspoiled beaches and 19th-century Arabic influences.
11. Moshi
Moshi, located at the foothills of Mount Kilimanjaro, is a dynamic city known for its cultural diversity. Historically, it has been a center for the Chagga people, famed for their advanced irrigation systems and coffee farming. Beyond serving as the main base for Kilimanjaro climbers, Moshi offers scenic coffee tours, local craft markets, and nearby natural attractions like the Rau Forest Reserve and Chemka Hot Springs.
12. Mbeya
Mbeya, positioned in the southern highlands, emerged as an agricultural and mining hub during the colonial era. Today, it remains a vital economic center, producing coffee, tea, and maize while also facilitating trade with Zambia and Malawi. Tourists visit Mbeya for its stunning landscapes, including the Mbeya Highlands, Kitulo National Park (often referred to as the “Serengeti of Flowers”), and the breathtaking Ngozi Crater Lake.
13. Morogoro
Morogoro, located near Dar es Salaam, is an accessible and affordable safari gateway. The city serves as an entry point to Mikumi National Park, where visitors can experience incredible wildlife. Additionally, the surrounding Uluguru Mountains attract hikers and outdoor enthusiasts. Morogoro is also a key agricultural center, home to research institutions that support Tanzania’s farming industry.
14. Lindi
Lindi, a historic coastal town, was once a significant hub in the Swahili Coast trade network. It retains numerous historical sites from the Arab and colonial periods. Additionally, Lindi serves as a gateway to the Selous Game Reserve, Africa’s largest protected wildlife reserve.
15. Mafia Island
Mafia Island, part of the Zanzibar Archipelago, remains less commercialized than its famous counterpart. Historically, it was an early Swahili settlement and played a role in ancient Indian Ocean trade. Today, the island is renowned for its incredible marine biodiversity, offering some of the best diving and snorkeling experiences in Tanzania.
Zanzibar Cities and Population
Zanzibar, an autonomous region of Tanzania, consists of two main islands, Unguja (Zanzibar Island) and Pemba, along with several smaller islands. The region has a total population of over 1.8 million people, distributed across its major administrative areas. Mjini Magharibi (Western Zanzibar), which includes Zanzibar City, is the most populated area with 893,169 people. North Unguja has 257,290 people, while South Unguja has 195,873. On Pemba Island, North Pemba has 272,091 people, and South Pemba has 271,350 people. Zanzibar’s cities are vital cultural, economic, and tourism hubs, attracting visitors with their rich history, vibrant markets, and beautiful coastal landscapes.
Tanzania Cities: The Importance of Key Urban Centers
1. Dar es Salaam
Dar es Salaam is Tanzania’s largest and most economically significant city. It serves as the country’s financial capital and main port, handling the majority of Tanzania’s imports and exports. As the largest port in East Africa, it plays a key role in regional trade, supporting landlocked countries such as Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Zambia, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
The city is a hub for business, banking, and industrial production, with numerous corporate headquarters, manufacturing plants, and financial institutions. It is also the center of higher education and research, housing Tanzania’s leading universities and innovation centers.
2. Dodoma
Dodoma serves as Tanzania’s official capital, housing the Parliament and major government offices. The decision to move the capital from Dar es Salaam to Dodoma was driven by the need for centralization and balanced development. Today, Dodoma is rapidly growing, with expanding infrastructure, public institutions, and commercial activity.
The city is also a major agricultural hub, known for wine production, sunflower farming, and livestock keeping. Its central location makes it a vital transport and trade link between different regions of Tanzania.
3. Arusha
Arusha is Tanzania’s tourism capital, serving as the gateway to world-famous attractions like Serengeti National Park, Ngorongoro Crater, and Mount Kilimanjaro. The city attracts millions of international tourists every year, making tourism a key driver of the local economy.
Arusha is also an important diplomatic center, hosting the headquarters of the East African Community (EAC) and various United Nations offices. The city’s economy thrives on hospitality, agriculture, and trade, with coffee and flower exports playing a significant role.
4. Zanzibar City
Zanzibar City, the capital of Zanzibar, is one of Tanzania’s most important cultural and economic centers. Its historic district, Stone Town, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, attracting tourists from around the world.
The city is a key player in Tanzania’s spice trade, exporting cloves, nutmeg, and cinnamon to global markets. Its strategic coastal location makes it a major trade hub, linking Tanzania to the Middle East, Asia, and beyond. The Zanzibar International Airport and busy seaports support both tourism and commerce.
5. Mwanza
Mwanza, often called “Rock City,” is a crucial industrial and trade hub on Lake Victoria. It is a center for fishing, textile production, and regional commerce, supporting economic ties with Uganda, Kenya, and Rwanda.
The city hosts several fish processing plants, contributing to Tanzania’s export industry, particularly in Nile perch and tilapia. Mwanza’s strategic location makes it an essential transport hub, with ferry and rail connections to neighboring countries.
6. Mbeya
Mbeya is a leading commercial and agricultural center in southern Tanzania. Its location near the Tanzania-Zambia border makes it a key player in cross-border trade and logistics.
The region is rich in gold, coal, and gemstone deposits, contributing to Tanzania’s mining industry. Mbeya is also one of the country’s main food-producing areas, with large-scale farming of maize, coffee, and tea. The city serves as a trade link between Tanzania and southern Africa, driving economic growth in the region.
7. Morogoro
Morogoro is known as Tanzania’s agricultural research and education capital. It is home to Sokoine University of Agriculture, which plays a crucial role in farming innovation and development.
The region produces sisal, maize, rice, and tropical fruits, making it one of the most productive agricultural areas in the country. Morogoro also serves as a strategic transit city, connecting Dar es Salaam to central and western Tanzania.
8. Tanga
Tanga is one of Tanzania’s oldest port cities, with a strong industrial and trade economy. The city’s port has been a key export hub for sisal, coffee, and tea for over a century.
Tanga is also known for cement manufacturing and shipbuilding, contributing to Tanzania’s industrial sector. Its coastal location makes it a critical link between Tanzania and international markets, supporting trade across the Indian Ocean.
9. Kigoma
Kigoma, located on Lake Tanganyika, is a key transport and trade hub in western Tanzania. It serves as the main port connecting Tanzania with Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Zambia.
The city is known for its fishing industry, palm oil production, and coffee farming, contributing to Tanzania’s regional trade economy. Kigoma is also famous for its wildlife tourism, with Gombe Stream and Mahale Mountains National Parks attracting visitors for chimpanzee tracking and conservation research.
10. Mara
Mara is one of Tanzania’s most culturally significant regions, home to the Mara River and part of the Serengeti National Park. The region is famous for the Great Migration, where millions of wildebeest and zebras cross into Kenya’s Masai Mara, attracting thousands of tourists annually.
Mara is also an important center for livestock keeping and agriculture, with strong cross-border trade connections to Kenya. The region has a rich Maasai and Kuria cultural heritage, making it a unique part of Tanzania’s identity and tourism industry.
11. Geita
Geita is Tanzania’s top gold-producing region, home to the Geita Gold Mine, one of Africa’s largest gold producers. The city plays a critical role in Tanzania’s mining industry, attracting investment, employment, and infrastructure development.
Apart from mining, Geita also engages in fishing and commercial farming, with strong economic ties to Mwanza and Lake Victoria. The region continues to grow due to ongoing exploration and mining expansion, making it a key contributor to Tanzania’s economy.
Conclusion
Tanzania’s cities are more than just economic hubs—they are rich in history, culture, and strategic importance. From Dar es Salaam’s role as the nation’s economic powerhouse to Zanzibar City’s cultural and tourism appeal, each urban center contributes uniquely to Tanzania’s growth and development. These cities serve as vital trade gateways, political centers, agricultural hubs, and tourism magnets, shaping the country’s identity on both a regional and global scale.
Tanzania is administratively divided into 31 regions, with 26 on the mainland and 5 in Zanzibar. This structure ensures that development, governance, and economic activities are well distributed across the country. Despite the diverse ethnic backgrounds of its people, Swahili remains the unifying language, connecting Tanzanians across all regions and cities.
As Tanzania continues to grow and modernize, its major cities will remain at the heart of its progress, attracting investors, travelers, and dreamers looking to be part of its vibrant future.
